Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a prevalent gastrointestinal condition characterized by the formation of open sores or ulcers in the lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine, known as the duodenum. These ulcers develop when the protective mucosal barrier of the digestive tract becomes compromised, allowing stomach acid to erode the underlying tissues.
The primary culprit behind peptic ulcers is infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria. This bacterium weakens the stomach and duodenal mucosa, making them more susceptible to damage from gastric acid. Additionally, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and stress are also contributing factors.
Symptoms of peptic ulcers can vary but typically include a burning pain in the abdomen, often felt between meals or during the night. Other common symptoms include bloating, belching, nausea, and in severe cases, vomiting and unintended weight loss. Complications such as bleeding ulcers or perforation of the stomach or intestine can occur, necessitating urgent medical attention.
Diagnosis of peptic ulcers involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. This procedure allows for direct visualization of the ulcers and sampling for H. pylori testing if indicated.
Treatment aims to alleviate symptoms, promote ulcer healing, and prevent complications. This may include medications to reduce stomach acid production (proton pump inhibitors and H2-receptor antagonists), antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori infection, and lifestyle modifications to avoid exacerbating factors such as NSAIDs and alcohol.
Preventive measures include smoking cessation, limiting NSAID use, and promptly treating H. pylori infection if diagnosed. A balanced diet and stress management can also contribute to maintaining stomach health and preventing recurrence of ulcers.
In conclusion, while peptic ulcer disease can have a significant impact on daily life, timely diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and lifestyle adjustments can effectively manage the condition and reduce the risk of complications.
